After Germanys defeat, the subsequent Nuremberg Trials declared the Gestapo a criminal organization and many of its members were executed for war crimes. Tonton Macoutes byly ozbrojen jednotky, kter zdil haitsk dikttor Franois Duvalier jako svoji soukromou armdu a tajnou policii. He once ordered the death of all black dogs in the country after a political enemy was rumoured to have transformed into one. The Tonton Macoutes (singular Tonton Macoute referring to a member thereof; or Ton Ton Macoute) was a Haitian militia force under the control of Franois Duvalier. In November 1988 armed men led by a uniformed soldier murdered Michelet Dubreus and Jean Flix - two members of the popular organization Verit who had signed a public letter identifying participants in the massacre. Duvalier authorized the Tontons Macoutes to commit systematic violence and human rights abuses toward his ends; they were responsible for unknown numbers of murders and rapes in Haiti. Luckner Cambronne was a particularly fierce head of the Tonton Macoute throughout the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, V. Hinche mise en croix, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1982. The St. Jean Bosco massacre took place in Haiti on 11 September 1988. V no. Cattle was killed or taken away by looting soldiers. La Rpublique autoritaire, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1981. 82 no. This subject is politically and emotionally charged. At the time they were disbanded, in February 1986, there were several thousand macoutes around the country. _ *** (Pierre-Charles, 2000: 85-86; Avril, 1999: 146-149; Interviews with witnesses). Genres: Jazz-Rock, Progressive Rock. . Mission Civile Internationale en Hati (MICIVIH), Rapport Trimestriel avril-juin 1999, Port-au-Prince, 1999. _ In 1991, the Minister of Justice of President Aristides first government accused army General Williams Rgala, who was Minister of Defense at the time, of having ordered the killing and hence, requested his extradition from the Dominican Republic, where he was living in exile, but to no avail. Michle Montas feels the same urgency in commemorating April 26 this year. Hati et Duvalier, Les Editions Nouvelle Optique, Montreal, 1973. , updated _ * (Gaillard, 1983: 40-42, 152 and 282; Gaillard, 1981: 205-213). According to Pierre-Charles (1973), the urban lumpenproletariatwas the social background of most macoutes. "Marking the 50th anniversary of one of the bloodiest and senseless days of the Duvalier dictatorship," she says, "will be for so many of us, a day of collective catharsis. The archives of the FRAPH, that may contain crucial information on executions and various individuals responsibilities, are still in the possession of the US government to this day, which has refused to transfer them to the Haitian Ministry of Justice in spite of continuous campaigns from human rights groups. Baby Doc, his deranged son, took over and continued the terror. Traduo Context Corretor Sinnimos Conjugao. Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network, Asia-Pacific under Japanese occupation during World War II. 589-636. One of the largest secret police forces behind the Iron Curtain during the Cold War, the Romanian Securitate was founded in 1948, with help from the Soviet Union. Successive dictators have raped, murdered and even reputedly eaten their enemies. This was the name given to the members of the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (National Security Volunteers), Franois and Jean-Claude Duvaliers militia force, created because Papa Doc did not trust the military to guarantee his safety. This represented the largest forced disappearance under the Duvaliers. ", The hunt was indeed on for Duvalier's adversaries, army and civilian alike. Article created on Monday, March 3, 1997. Observers note that the poor were the main target of repression, although many well-known figures from the middle class, such as Aristides Minister of Justice, Guy Malary, and businessman Antoine Izmry, were also murdered by paramilitary groups. His goal, he said, was to prevent "this dark chapter in history from repeating itself.". While hurricanes, floods and earthquakes have all devastated the landscape over the years, the biggest threat has come from humans. At least two anti-Aristide youths, Jean-Baptiste Knol and Joseph Leroy, were thrown alive into a burning building. According to US journalist Harry Frank (in Gaillard, 1981: 208), US pilots did not verify what type of gathering (a Caco camp, an open farmers market, or peasants on their way to church) they were attacking. 1937 (October): In the neighboring Dominican Republic, dictator Trujillo ordered the slaughter of 17,000 to 20,000 Haitian migrants and Dominicans of Haitian origin by the Dominican army (the conventional number in the Dominican Republic is 17,000, although Saez (1988: 60) puts it at 20,000 ; Turits (2002: 590) calculated a total of 15,000 killed). 1999 (May 28): In a shantytown above the Carrefour-Feuilles neighborhood in Port-au-Prince, the Haitian National Police (PNH) killed 11 people at night, during a routine patrol. Others will choose to commemorate it privately, without uttering a word. [9][10] They were then renamed to Milice Civile (Civilian Militia), and after 1962, Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Volunteers of the National Security, or VSN). 196, 1998. [4] Aristide, who had survived at least six attempts on his life after a fiery 1985 Mass had helped spark the unrest which eventually led to the 1986 overthrow of the dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier,[5] was evacuated from the church into a residence inside the church compound. A Milcia de Voluntrios da Segurana Nacional (em francs: Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, MVSN), comumente conhecidos como Tonton Macoute (literalmente "Tio do Saco", em crioulo haitiano, aludindo s figuras do "homem do saco" ou "bicho papo") [ 1] era uma fora paramilitar haitiana inspirada no fascismo [ 2] criada em 1959, e Americas Watch, Human Rights Developments, Washington, D.C., 1994. One of the killings has remained in collective memory as the massacre of the peasants of Thiotte. Men, women, children, infants and elderly people suspected either of having helped the guerrilla movement, or of not having opposed it, were slaughtered by the macoutes. Eight of the eleven victims were unarmed. 1915 (July 27): Armed supporters of President Vilbrun Sam and General Oscar Etiennes troops slaughtered 167 political prisoners who had been jailed in the National Penitentiary (in Port-au-Prince) during the previous few days. According to local witnesses before the Truth and Peace Commission in 1995, several dead bodies were thrown into a nearby open mass grave dug on the soldiers orders; several youths were then executed after having dug the grave, and thrown into it; other bodies were allegedly carried away by a truck and were disappeared.. Human Rights Watch said that the Avril regime's decision was a political, not a legal one, as the regime had the legal option of not granting safe passage, and had made no effort to challenge the Republic's asylum decision. Papa Doc's son Jean-Claude Duvalier, also known as Baby Doc, took over the presidency after the death of his father in 1971, maintaining Papa Doc's belief system, until he was ousted in a public revolt in 1986. [5][7] In 1993 Antoine Izmry was assassinated at a mass commemorating the massacre. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (ICHR), Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti, Organization of American States (OAS), Washington, D.C., 1988. According to MICIVIH forensic examinations conducted within days after the event, all of these 11 extra-judiciary executions were carried out in cold blood: the 11 individuals had been killed while lying down on the floor with both hands tied. [22] They appeared in force again at polls in 1964, when Duvalier held a constitutional referendum that declared him president for life. _ *** (ICHR, 1988: 22-23 and 103; ICHR, 1992). The special operations unit, also known as the Volunteers for National Security, were a group of Duvalier loyalists who acted outside the law to crack down on any opposition. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report on the situation of human rights in Haiti, Portrait of a Folk-Hero: Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide, The More things change-- human rights in Haiti, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Jean_Bosco_massacre&oldid=1136679075, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 31 January 2023, at 15:59. From the very well known and notorious, to others that may be new to the reader, here are ten of the most vicious, terrifying secret police forces in (mostly) modern history. She was seventeen years old. Le Grand fauve, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince 1995. _ 1987 (November 29): Event known in collective memory as the massacre de la ruelle Vaillant. Under the rule of General Namphy, at dawn on an election day, a group of 50 to 60 armed men, composed of soldiers in civilian clothes as well as macoutes, killed at least 16 civilians in a polling station of the Ecole Nationale Argentine Bellegarde, a school in Port-au-Prince. These children were carried away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again. In Delmas 31, the crowd discovered 7 prisoners at the private residence of macouteErnst Bros (Pierre-Charles, 2000: 56). 1986 (April 26): Event known in collective memory as the massacre of Fort-Dimanche. Army soldiers and attachs opened fire on a peaceful demonstration attempting to honor the victims of the Duvalier regime in the Fort-Dimanche prison (the date of April 26th was also in reference to the 1963 killing). According to Pierre-Charles (1973), the urban lumpenproletariat was the social background of most macoutes. In power from 1957, Papa Doc made voodoo the country's official religion and claimed to be Baron Samedi, the religion's spirit of death. Others, who slowed down their pace of work, were killed with machetes (Gaillard, 1982). In 1993, I watched as the might of the U.S. military was repelled by mobs armed with stones and clubs when American troops arrived to restore order. Many Haitians fled to exile in the United States and Canada, especially French-speaking Quebec. Haiti contains relatively small amounts of gold, silver, antimony, tin, lignite Roadblocks were set up. Family members who tried to remove the bodies for proper burial often disappeared. President Prval, who was democratically elected in November 1995, was in power during the interval from 1996 to 2001. Having returned Aristide briefly to power in 1994, the US military acting in concert with Canadian and French military forces, and in close coordination with former Tonton Macoutes and army . -. Duvalier employed the Tonton Macoute in a reign of terror against any opponents, including those who proposed progressive social systems. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, III. "1.2. Tonton Macoutes murdered over 60,000 Haitians. A Decade of Impunity in Haiti, Human Rights Watch, vol. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. . Batistas brutal anti communist apparatus in pre-communist Cuba, the Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities, or BRAC was run by Mariano Faget, a man previously responsible for the discovery and repression of communists, fascists and even Nazi elements in Cuba. The NKVD had important rolesin the implementation and execution of the Gulags, as well as during the Second World War. From their methods to their choice of clothes, vodou always played an important role in their actions. Bernard Diederich lived in Haiti for 14 years and had personal experience of the early Duvalier days and the period of Maloire's rule. This regime qualified as a totalitarian one according to Trouilot (1990), who carried out a detailed study of the roots and forms of Duvalierism. During the 28 years in power of Papa Doc and his playboy son and heir, Jean-Claude Duvalier, or Baby Doc, the Tonton Macoutes and their henchmen killed between 30,00 and 60,000 Haitians, and . Those dead, too, will be remembered on this now-layered anniversary. 1991 (October 2): Thirty civilians were killed by army soldiers in a single day in Cit Soleil, a shantytown of Port-au-Prince known for harboring many supporters of President Aristide, in retaliation for an attack against a local police station. p. 21. The Tontons Macoutes murdered between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. Those who had been injured were threatened at the hospital. Two years before the end of his mandate, President Aristide was destabilized by repeated, massive demonstrations led by student organizations since the end of 2002. In 1983, Pope John Paul II visited Haiti. Literature. Originally published in 1970, this is the story of Haiti under the rule of Dr. Fran ois Duvalier. The survivors, hiding in the woods and terrified, wrote to a French priest residing nearby to ask for his protection. In the northeastern region alone, up to 15,000 individuals were killed, most of them with machetes, between the 2nd and the 8th of October. The latter believe the massacre was manufactured to be used against President Aristide. [23], The lack of funds coming to the Tonton Macoute was a result of those funds being intercepted by the Duvalier dynasty which was sometimes taking nearly 80 percent of international aid to Haiti, then turning around to pay only 45 percent of the debts the country owed. Pierre-Charles, Grard, Hati Jamais Plus! 1902 (September 17): 10 disarmed peasants from the government forces were killed on orders of the pro-Firmin general Laborde Corvoisier after a battle in Limb (in the North of the country). Political opponents often disappeared overnight, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. With such numbers, every aspect of East German life was infiltrated; schools, hospitals and industrial plants all maintained informants, as did every apartment building in East Germany. Premier crasement du Cacoisme, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1981. Torture of Cacos or alleged Cacos by the Marines was also common practice; this included the hanging of individuals by their genitals, forced absorption of liquids, and the use of ceps, simultaneous pressure by two guns on both side of the tibia bone. Showing Editorial results for tonton macoutes. Jean-Bertrand Aristide had not been sworn in yet when this event took place, and the interim government was led by Mrs. Trouillot, a civilian. The Central Office of Banditry Repression, or OCRB was a secret police force formed in the Central African Republic that was formed in the early to 1990s. He often wore a top hat and tails while demanding the skulls of his dead victims were brought to his palace in Port-au-Prince. General Kebreau, who was responsible for the killings, was nicknamed General Thompson, in reference to the automatic weapons used by his soldiers. In March, 1962, Papa Doc devised another refinement - the Tonton Macoutes ("bogeymen"). The few -- like Montas, who was arrested on Jean Claude Duvalier's orders, on November 28, 1980 -- who have been able to file complaints or testify, represent a small percentage of those who were arrested, jailed, tortured, or killed under the younger's Duvalier regime. macoutes typically raided a house of alleged opponents, killed its inhabitants, including elderly people, children and servants, with guns and machetes, before moving to another house of an alleged opponent of the regime. Duvalier, who declared himself president for life, created the Tonton Macoute the following year in 1959. [1] According to one witness, the police and army provided protection for the attackers, encircling the church.
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