[80] Most scholars place the homeland of Afroasiatic near the center of its current distribution,[8] "in the southeastern Sahara or adjacent Horn of Africa. Root Structure Patterning in Proto . in *n, as also in #323), (possible V reconstructions: *a, *aa, *e, or *o), (Sem., Eg., Ch. There is some evidence from Coptic, but this may be unrelated to AA. It's impossible to tell exactly how old Proto-Afroasiatic is, or where it was spoken, but there are a few ideas. It rigorously applies, throughout, the established canon and techniques of the historical-comparative method. innovation: addition of *t n. [90], Syllable weight plays an important role in AA, especially in Chadic; it can affect the form of affixes attached to a word. Afroasiatic languages have over 500 million native speakers, which is the fourth-largest number of native speakers of any language family (after Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and NigerCongo). p-North Bauchi PDF Introduction To Lithuanian Verbs Nouns And Indo European Etymology WCh WOT The languages that evolved from Proto-Arabic have around 313 million native speakers, concentrated primarily in the Middle East and North Africa.[5]. Upload your video About the author London: Routledge, 1990. [98] AA languages tend to have pharyngeal fricative consonants, with Egyptian, Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic sharing and . innovation: narrowing of meaning to beating time to music), (Eg., Sem. [156], There is no agreement about which tenses or aspects Proto-Afroasiatic might have had. p-Lakka innovation: derivation of v. 'to sleep' by addition of *n non-fin. Afroasiatic etymology : Query result Africa is divided by geographical features, including the Sahara desert and the Ethiopian mountains. Proto-Afro-Asiatic is of great antiquity; experts tend to place it in the Mesolithic Period at about 15,000-10,000 bce. [30] Most Chadic languages are located in the Chad basin, with the exception of Hausa. An Encyclopedia of Language. In the series University of California Publications in Linguistics 126. [11] In 1855, Ernst Renan named these languages, related to Semitic but not Semitic, "Hamitic," in 1860 Carl Lottner proposed that they belonged to a single language family, and in 1876 Friedrich Mller first described them as a "Hamito-Semitic" language family. The Semitic line of Afro-Asiatic has the most language sub-sets. [127] These pronouns tend to show a masculine "u" and a feminine "i". Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian . p-Guang [149], A prefix in m- is the most widely attested affix in AA that is used to derive nouns. innovation: as synonym for #505), (vowel reconstruction uncertain: PAA *u, *ee, or *oo are also possible here; contrary to earlier views, this is surely a distinct root from #503), (Eg., Sem. (root #311+old Afroasiatic pl. [54] Greenberg rejected the Afroasiatic classification of languages that Meinhof had classified as "Hamitic" based on racial and anthropological data. FOR SALE! [118], Attempts to reconstruct the vocalic system of Proto-Afroasiatic vary considerably. Iberomaurasians and Proto-Afroasiatic - Page 13 The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic,or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic subregions of Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara/Sahel. Proto-Nostratic would have been spoken between 15,000 and 12,000 BCE, in the Epipaleolithic period, close to the end of the last glacial period. To the south lay the other language families of Africa: Niger-Kordofanian, Nilo-Saharan, and Khoisan (Atlas,p74). [141] However, the number and types of cases varies across AA and also within the individual branches. p-Gbe (Fongbe) SLEC Som. p-Masa About us. [48] The oldest written attestations of Semitic languages come from Mesopotamia, Northern Syria, and Egypt and date as early as c. 3000 BCE. p-Songhay [70] On the one hand, the classification of languages as "Hamitic" relied on linguistic features, such as the presence of male and female grammatical gender; thus Meinhof even split the Chadic family into "Hamito-Chadic" and unrelated non-Hamitic Chadic based on which languages possessed gender. Natioro The other three are very closely related and it is not hard for, say, a Dane to learn to understand a Swede. However, since the 1970s and '80s, comparisons of other Chadic subject pronouns with the Hausa ones have convinced most scholars that the similarity to the prefix conjugation is incidental. innovation: 'increase' > 'grow in size'), (root #838 + * part. Semitic speakers moved into the Fertile Crescent and "emerg[ed] into history" by bringing Akkadian (a Semitic language) into what is now Iraq, a previously Sumerian-speaking area (Dalby ,p6). New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1996. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary. Proto-Chadic reconstruction is in its infancy, Proto-Cushitic is even less developed, and according to Glottolog it's not demonstrable that Omotic languages are even related to each other, let alone as part of Afro-Asiatic. Three dialects emerged (Omotic, Cushitic, and Chadic) from the main one and this left 'Boreafrasian,' the source of Berber, Egyptian and Semitic (Dalby ,p. 6). [135] In addition to marking plurals via a number of affixes (with the suffixes -*uu/-*w and -*n(a) widely attested), several AA languages make use of internal vowel change (apophony) and/or insertion (epenthesis). BLACK ATHENA The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization - V - $57.73. Amdang [68] In 1969, Harold Fleming proposed that a group of languages classified as Cushitic by Greenberg were in fact an independent "Omotic" language family, a proposal that has been widely accepted but remains controversial. Proto-Afroasiatic, sometimes also referred to as Proto-Afrasian, is the reconstructed proto-language from which all modern Afroasiatic languages are descended. Proto-Chadic and Proto-Cushitic are likely even older. Berkeley: University of California Press. Proto-Afro-Asiatic is generally considered the oldest accepted one, though it's not known exactly how long ago it was spoken. Under East Semitic rose Akkadian and Babylonian. [97] All Afroasiatic languages contain stops and fricatives; some branches have additional types of consonants such as affricates and lateral consonants. As Egyptian is spelled without vowels, it is difficult to know whether it had internal change plurals. Sumerian- tamil links ( included links with turkish ( said to be closed to sumerian by panturkists which also said dravidian and turkish cognated when we know dravidians were first people of asia coming from black african L3haplogroup), yeniseian ( intermediate between turkish and chinese and member of sino caucasian family that links chinese to north caucesian langages who according to . innovation: derivation of n. for 'hand'), (Eg., Sem. He later added Semitic and Beja to Chadic-Berber-Egyptian and tentatively proposed, Alexander Militarev (2000), on the basis of. innovation: semantic narrowing to hitting with the hand), (probable *tliiz-, adj. fort. [130][164] In Akkadian, Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic this forms a "stative conjugation", used to express the state or result of an action; the same endings as in Akkadian and Egyptian are also present in the West Semitic perfective verb form. Proto-Afroasiatic is a reconstructed language. PDF Etymological Dictionary Of Egyptian Pdf | Dev.pulitzercenter Proto-Afro-Asiatic is proposed to have been spoken 18,000 years ago near the Horn of Africa (eastern Africa). [131] This sex-based gender system is widely agreed to derive from Proto-Afroasiatic. p-Atlantic-Congo [89] Igor Diakonoff argues that the requirement to begin with a vowel goes back to Proto-Afroasiatic. + stem; PS *lisn 'tongue' is a separate and distinct derivation from the same verb root), (Sem., Eg., Ch. [163] Three derivational prefixes can be reconstructed for Proto-Afroasiatic: *s- 'causative', *t- 'middle voice' or 'reflexive', and *n- 'passive'. This page was last edited on 28 August 2022, at 11:13. Beboid p-Yoruboid innovation: 'increase' > 'grow fat, thicken'), (root #141 + *n n. 'to come so close as to brush against'), (Eg., Sem. [189] In some Berber languages, the roots for one and two are also borrowed from Arabic. ), to get up to leave, start out, come or go forth, (Eg., Sem. For other uses, see, Distribution of the Afro-Asiatic languages, Similarities in grammar, syntax, and morphology, Common derivational and morphological processes, Consonantal root structures and verbal forms, Some scholars argue that on the basis of Coptic that Egyptian had neither "emphatic consonants" nor a phonemic distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants. Dictionary - Vladimir E. Orel 2015-11-02 This dictionary is a fundamental source of information on the extinct proto-language of the ancient Hamito-Semites, the Proto-Hamito-Semitic language, and . p-Omotic [124] Other scholars argue that Proto-AA had a pitch accent and some branches subsequently developed tone. They can occur together with subject pronouns but cannot fulfill an object function. [187] Modern Chadic numeral systems are sometimes decimal, having separate names for the numbers 1-10, and sometimes base-5, deriving the numbers 6-9 from the numbers 1-5 in some way. p-Upper Cross River p-Ijaw p-South Bauchi Summary of Numbered Sound Shift Rules; Index 1. [12] Each component of this term was derived from the name of a Biblical son of Noah as detailed in the Book of Genesis: Semitic from his first-born son Shem, and Hamitic from his second son Ham (Genesis 5:32). [181] Other commonalities are masculine and feminine forms used in both the second and third persons, except in Cushitic and Omotic. [17] The name refers to the fact that this is the only major language family with members in both Africa and Asia. p-Semitic, Khoisan [6] [34] Cushitic does not appear to be related to the attested ancient languages known from its area, Meroitic or Old Nubian. suff. innovation: move > move toward), (probably demon., root #767+ *l n./adj. p-Tuu p-Daju The Afroasiatic language family is thought to have originated in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula around 15,000 years ago. [54][73][9] The reluctance of some scholars to recognize Chadic as a member of Afroasiatic persisted as late as the 1980s. [85][86] Scholar Jared Diamond and archaeologist Peter Bellwood have taken up Militarev's arguments as part of their general argument that the spread of linguistic macrofamilies (such as Indo-European, Bantu, and Austro-Asiatic) can be associated with the development of agriculture; they argue that there is clear archaeological support for farming spreading from the Levant into Africa via the Nile valley. innovation: *agaw- 'cooked grain,' stem + *w n. Traditionally, the Hausa subject pronouns have been compared to the prefix conjugation. [93] Most words end in a vowel in Omotic and Cushitic, making syllable-final consonant clusters rare. A relationship between Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic and the Berber languages was perceived as early as the 9th century CE by the Hebrew grammarian and physician Judah ibn Quraysh, who is regarded as a forerunner of Afroasiatic studies. [164] Christopher Ehret has proposed that Proto-Afroasiatic originally had as many as thirty-seven separate verbal extensions, many of which then became fossilized as third consonants. p-Koman Archaeology and the study of oral traditions helps linguists find connections between language families. innovation: 'fold over, bend'), (Eg., Sem. [101][a] The emphatic consonants are typically formed deeper in the throat than the others;[99] they can be realized variously as glottalized, pharyngealized, uvularized, ejective, and/or implosive consonants in the different branches. The Berber and Semitic branches share certain grammatical features (e.g. [128] Proto-Chadic is reconstructed as having verb-initial word order,[80] but most Chadic languages have subject-verb-object word order. [133][150] It forms agent nouns, place nouns, and instrument nouns. Archive Proto-Afro-Asiatic is of great antiquity; experts tend to place it in the Mesolithic Period at about 15,000-10,000 bce. Abstract The paper is a new contribution to revealing the Afro-Asiatic heritage in the lexicon of the Angas-Sura group of Chadic languages by means of interbranch comparison using a.o. Voegelin, C.F. ; *u < *i /#-p_C-#? There is no consensus regarding the location of the Proto-Semitic Urheimat; scholars hypothesize that it may have originated in the Levant, the Sahara, or the Horn of Africa, and the view that it arose in the Arabian Peninsulahas also been common historically. p-Jen Mimi-D [54] The "Hamitic theory" would serve as the basis for Carl Meinhof's highly influential classification of African languages in his book Die Sprache der Hamiten (1912). Mimi-N innovation: narrowing of meaning to loud kinds of response), (2nd shape: stem + *r n. However, not one of Militarev's proposed 32 agricultural roots can be considered diagnostic of cultivation. [142][143] Zygmont Frajzyngier states that a general characteristic of case marking in AA languages is that it tends to mark roles such as genitive, dative, locative, etc. PROTO-AFROASIATIC PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM One of the most significant characteristics of Afroasiatic consonantism is the system of triads found in the stops and affri- cates -- each series (except the lateralized affricates) contains three members: a voiceless (aspirated) member, a voiced member, and a glottalized (that is, ejective) member. Afro-Asiatic has been hypothesized to be related to many other language families. p-Benue-Congo Kunama If you are not satisfied with 225345861639 [128] In most branches, gender is an inherent property of nouns. shared innovation: 'move, take' > 'take hold of'), (Cush., Ch., Eg., Sem. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary. as ELL). innovation: stem + *n n. suff. innovation: specialization of meaning to plant growth), (Berber, e.g., Shilh agafay 'cloud,' implies a 2nd root shape *-gaap-), to impel, make move (by pushing, pulling), (root #311+old Afroasiatic pl. [15] Hamitic was coined by Ernest Renan in 1855, to refer to languages that seemed similar to the Semitic languages, but were not themselves provably a part of the family. [33] Only about 40 Chadic languages have been fully described by linguists. PSom-III. Afroasiatic is generally considered to be comprised of the language families Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, Omotic, and Semitic. There is also some evidence from. [113] These rules also have a number of exceptions: Similar exceptions can be demonstrated for the other AA branches that have these restrictions to their root formation. [51] The classification within West Semitic remains contested. Adapted from Ruhlen 1987. Linguists use the term "state" to refer to different things in different languages. innovation: narrowing of application of v. to angry calling out), (Sem., Cush, innovation: > n. 'covering' > 'rind, bark'), (root #447+ * iter. Once the Luwian hieroglyphics for God "" and Gate "" were discovered at Gbekli Tepe, this author was able to directly link the site's carved pillars and pillar enclosures to the Abrahamic/Mosaic "Word of God", . ; *m > /n/ ([])/_*x), (Sem., Eg. innovation: n. 'morning' by addition of *r n. as denom. Central Sudanic (p-Central Sudanicp-Sara-Bongo-BagirmiSinyarBirrip-Mangbetu) sing. E-V13. Dictionary of Languages. 'be, exist'), (root seen also in #983 + probably *s caus. The modern word "Hebrew" is derived from the word "Ivri" (plural "Ivrim"; English: Hebrews), one of several names for the Israelite (Jewish and Samaritan) people. These classifications of language sub-sets vary according to different texts. [195] Writing in 2004, John Huehnergaard notes the great difficulty in establishing cognate sets across the family. p-Maji p-Chadic Black God: The Afroasiatic Roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Proto-Afroasiatic language - Wikiwand Afro-Asiatic languages | Britannica rather than the subject and object. [82] Likewise, all Semitic languages are fairly similar to each other, whereas the African branches of Afroasiatic are very diverse; this suggests the rapid spread of Semitic out of Africa. redup. [168] Prefixes of - (glottal stop) for the first person singular and y- for the third person masculine can also be reconstructed. [89] In Cushitic and Chadic languages, a glottal stop or glottal or fricative may be inserted to prevent a word from beginning with a vowel. [155], The degree to which the AA verbal root was triliteral (having three consonants) is debated. These include Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Altaic and Dravidian (Atlas, p.74). The main quality of Afro-Asiatic is that it "cuts across usually perceived racial boundaries" (Dalby, p.6). p-Central Chadic Proto-Afroasiatic) was spoken, most agree that it was located within a region of Northeast Africa. [16] Several issues with the label "Hamito-Semitic" have led to its decline in use by later scholars. Proto-Afroasiatic phonology has been the subject of several proposals for reconstruction that are not only different from each other, but also very divergent (cf. [132] Additionally, even when nouns are not cognates, they tend to have the same gender throughout Afroasiatic ("gender stability"). The results, while confirming some previous views on proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian), revise or overturn many others, and add much that is new. [197], There are two etymological dictionaries of Afroasiatic, one by Christopher Ehret, and one by Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova, both from 1995. (Pdf) From Proto-berber to Proto-afroasiatic 6), (Eg., Sem., Cush. p-Bantu (Swadesh list) ; Eg., Sem. [190] Some South Cushitic numerals are borrowed from Nilotic languages, other Cushitic numerals have been borrowed from Ethiopian Semitic languages. North of the Sahara and the Ethiopian mountains are the Afro-Asiatic languages. Afroasiatic Languages - Linguistics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo [140] A common pattern in AA languages with case is for the nominative to marked by -u or -i, and the accusative to be marked by -a. [107] Another widespread constraint is against two non-identical lateral obstruents, which can be found in Egyptian, Chadic, Semitic, and probably Cushitic. [38] The oldest text in a Cushitic language probably dates from around 1770. /his/ - how did sissytufians allowed this to happen? menas - History [31] Hausa is the largest Chadic language by native speakers, and is spoken by a large number of people as a lingua franca in Northern Nigeria. [83], A significant minority of scholars supports an Asian origin of Afroasiatic,[78] most of whom are specialists in Semitic or Egyptian studies. It typically comprises Kartvelian, Indo-European, and Uralic languages; some languages from the disputed Altaic family; the Afroasiatic languages spoken in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East; and the Dravidian languages of the Indian Subcontinent (sometimes also Elamo-Dravidian, which connects India and the Linguistics 450
Additionally, Joseph Greenberg argued that "Hamitic" has racial connotations, and that the name "Hamito-Semitic" overstates the centrality of the Semitic languages within the family. [31] They are all spoken in southwest Ethiopia except for the Ganza language, spoken in Sudan. The Atlas of Languages. ; PC variant *damn-), (Ch., Eg., Sem. [76], There is no consensus where the original homeland (Urheimat) of the first Afroasiatic speakers was located. [100], All or most branches of AA have a contrast between voiceless, voiced, and "emphatic" consonants. [34], The Egyptian branch consists of a single language, Ancient Egyptian, which was historically spoken in the lower Nile Valley. [131], Afroasiatic languages have a variety of ways of marking plurals; in some branches, nouns change gender from singular to plural (gender polarity),[133] while in others, plural forms are ungendered. Tadaksahak, p-Niger-Congo NE Sudanic [109] Additionally, he showed that Proto-Semitic restricted a sequence of two identical consonants in the first and second position of the triliteral root. [88], Egyptian, Cushitic, Berber, Omotic, and most languages in the Semitic branch all require a syllable to begin with a consonant (with the exception of some grammatical prefixes). *kns-loins: 326. Is Proto-Afro-Asiatic considered to be the oldest known proto - reddit